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Example for a trait under positive selection. The Price equation shows that a change in the average amount of a trait in a population from one generation to the next is determined by the covariance between the amounts of the trait for subpopulation and the fitnesses of the subpopulations, together with the expected change in the amount of the trait value due to fitness, namely ():
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. [1] [2] ... empirical probabilities, the product rule, the sum rule, and more. [47]
In mathematical genetics, a genetic algebra is a (possibly non-associative) algebra used to model inheritance in genetics. Some variations of these algebras are called train algebras , special train algebras , gametic algebras , Bernstein algebras , copular algebras , zygotic algebras , and baric algebras (also called weighted algebra ).
The sum of the entries is p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1, as the genotype frequencies must sum to one. Note again that as p + q = 1, the binomial expansion of (p + q) 2 = p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 gives the same relationships.
In calculus, the product rule (or Leibniz rule [1] or Leibniz product rule) is a formula used to find the derivatives of products of two or more functions.For two functions, it may be stated in Lagrange's notation as () ′ = ′ + ′ or in Leibniz's notation as () = +.
The product is one type of algebra for random variables: Related to the product distribution are the ratio distribution, sum distribution (see List of convolutions of probability distributions) and difference distribution. More generally, one may talk of combinations of sums, differences, products and ratios.
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A diagram of DNA base pairing, demonstrating the basis for Chargaff's rules. Chargaff's rules (given by Erwin Chargaff) state that in the DNA of any species and any organism, the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine.