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Ammonia is however quite toxic. Nature thus uses carriers for ammonia. Within a cell, glutamate serves this role. In the bloodstream, glutamine is a source of ammonia. [164] Ethanolamine, required for cell membranes, is the substrate for ethanolamine ammonia-lyase, which produces ammonia: [165] H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH → NH 3 + CH 3 CHO
Ammonia electrolysis may require much less thermodynamic energy than water electrolysis (only 0.06 V in alkaline media). [25] Another option for recovering ammonia from wastewater is to use the mechanics of the ammonia-water thermal absorption cycle. [26] [27] Ammonia can thus be recovered either as a liquid or as ammonium hydroxide. The ...
The dominant industrial method for producing ammonia is the Haber process also known as the Haber-Bosch process. [70] Fertilizer production is now the largest source of human-produced fixed nitrogen in the terrestrial ecosystem. Ammonia is a required precursor to fertilizers, explosives, and other products. The Haber process requires high ...
An example of free-living bacteria is Azotobacter. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium usually live in the root nodules of legumes (such as peas, alfalfa, and locust trees). Here they form a mutualistic relationship with the plant, producing ammonia in exchange for carbohydrates. Because of this relationship, legumes will often ...
Household 'ammonia' is a solution of NH 3 in water, and is used as a general purpose cleaner for many surfaces. Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free shine, one of its most common uses is to clean glass, porcelain, and stainless steel. It is also frequently used for cleaning ovens and for soaking items to loosen baked-on grime.
The ammonia required for this process is obtained by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen. Ammonia produced by the Haber process can be oxidized to nitric acid by the Ostwald process. Ammonia is used in its anhydrous form (a gas) and the nitric acid is concentrated. The reaction is violent owing to its highly exothermic nature. After ...
For example, at 60 atm ammonia melts at −77 °C (196 K) and boils at 98 °C (371 K). [42] Ammonia and ammonia–water mixtures remain liquid at temperatures far below the freezing point of pure water, so such biochemistries might be well suited to planets and moons orbiting outside the water-based habitability zone.
[12] [13] Complete nitrification, the conversion of ammonia to nitrate in a single step known as comammox, has an energy yield (∆G°′) of −349 kJ mol −1 NH 3, while the energy yields for the ammonia-oxidation and nitrite-oxidation steps of the observed two-step reaction are −275 kJ mol −1 NH 3, and −74 kJ mol −1 NO 2 − ...