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Ammonia is however quite toxic. Nature thus uses carriers for ammonia. Within a cell, glutamate serves this role. In the bloodstream, glutamine is a source of ammonia. [164] Ethanolamine, required for cell membranes, is the substrate for ethanolamine ammonia-lyase, which produces ammonia: [165] H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH → NH 3 + CH 3 CHO
Ammonia is toxic to aquatic life which leads to increased amounts of fish deaths. [6] Ammonia pollution also leads to eutrophication. Eutrophication is the growth of algae that kills other aquatic life and creates dead zones. Ammonia pollution affects freshwater and salt water ecosystems differently due to physical and chemical differences.
The dominant industrial method for producing ammonia is the Haber process also known as the Haber-Bosch process. [70] Fertilizer production is now the largest source of human-produced fixed nitrogen in the terrestrial ecosystem. Ammonia is a required precursor to fertilizers, explosives, and other products. The Haber process requires high ...
Ammonia is also tolerant to mineral oils and low sensitivity to small amounts of water in the system. [15] The vaporization heat of ammonia is high and the flow rate low, which requires different technologies to be used than other refrigerants. The low flow rate has historically limited ammonia to larger capacity systems. [16]
An example of free-living bacteria is Azotobacter. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium usually live in the root nodules of legumes (such as peas, alfalfa, and locust trees). Here they form a mutualistic relationship with the plant, producing ammonia in exchange for carbohydrates. Because of this relationship, legumes will often ...
[12] [13] Complete nitrification, the conversion of ammonia to nitrate in a single step known as comammox, has an energy yield (∆G°′) of −349 kJ mol −1 NH 3, while the energy yields for the ammonia-oxidation and nitrite-oxidation steps of the observed two-step reaction are −275 kJ mol −1 NH 3, and −74 kJ mol −1 NO 2 − ...
The ammonium ion is mildly acidic, reacting with Brønsted bases to return to the uncharged ammonia molecule: [NH 4] + + B − → HB + NH 3. Thus, the treatment of concentrated solutions of ammonium salts with a strong base gives ammonia. When ammonia is dissolved in water, a tiny amount of it converts to ammonium ions: H 2 O + NH 3 ⇌ OH − ...
For example, at 60 atm ammonia melts at −77 °C (196 K) and boils at 98 °C (371 K). [42] Ammonia and ammonia–water mixtures remain liquid at temperatures far below the freezing point of pure water, so such biochemistries might be well suited to planets and moons orbiting outside the water-based habitability zone.