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  2. Stele (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele_(biology)

    Outside the stele lies the endodermis, which is the innermost cell layer of the cortex. The concept of the stele was developed in the late 19th century by French botanists P. E. L. van Tieghem and H. Doultion as a model for understanding the relationship between the shoot and root, and for discussing the evolution of vascular plant morphology. [2]

  3. Endodermis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodermis

    The endodermis is the boundary between the cortex and the stele. In many seedless plants, such as ferns, the endodermis is a distinct layer of cells immediately outside the vascular cylinder (stele) in roots and shoots. In most seed plants, especially woody types, the endodermis is present in roots but not in stems.

  4. Pericycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericycle

    The pericycle is a cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants. [ citation needed ] Although it is composed of non-vascular parenchyma cells, it's still considered part of the vascular cylinder because it arises from the procambium as do the vascular tissues ...

  5. Stele (disambiguation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele_(disambiguation)

    A stele (plural steles or stelai) is a stone or wooden slab, ... Stele (biology), in a vascular plant, the central part of the root or stem; Stele ...

  6. Casparian strip - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casparian_strip

    [2] [3] The Casparian strip is impervious to water so can control the transportation of water and inorganic salts between the cortex and the vascular bundle, preventing water and inorganic salts from being transported to the stele through the apoplast, so that it must enter the cell membrane and move to the stele through the symplastic pathway ...

  7. Polypodiales - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypodiales

    Polypodiales are unique in bearing sporangia with a vertical annulus interrupted by the stalk and stomium. [2] These sporangial characters were used by Johann Jakob Bernhardi to define a group of ferns he called the "Cathetogyratae"; [3] the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group has suggested reviving this name as the informal term cathetogyrates, to replace the ambiguously circumscribed term "polypods ...

  8. List of unsolved problems in biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    Biological homochirality.What is the origin of homochirality in living organisms? In biological organisms, amino acids appear almost exclusively in the left-handed form and sugars in the right-handed form.

  9. Category:Steles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Steles

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