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An aircraft approach category is a grouping which differentiates aircraft based on the speed at which the aircraft approaches a runway for landing. They are used to determine airspace, obstacle clearance and visibility requirements for instrument approaches . [ 1 ] :
The minimum control speed during approach and landing (V MCL) is similar to V MCA, but the aircraft configuration is the landing configuration. V MCL is defined for both part 23 <FAR 23.149 (c)> and part 25 aircraft in civil aviation regulations.
A single-engined Cessna 150L's airspeed indicator indicating its V-speeds in knots. In aviation, V-speeds are standard terms used to define airspeeds important or useful to the operation of all aircraft. [1] These speeds are derived from data obtained by aircraft designers and manufacturers during flight testing for aircraft type-certification.
Turn at constant speed Approach and landing Takeoff. The speed, height and trim angle of attack are different for each flight condition, in addition, the aircraft will be configured differently, e.g. at low speed flaps may be deployed and the undercarriage may be down.
In Europe, aircraft usually join the pattern at a 45° angle to the downwind leg, in the beginning of the downwind leg. [citation needed] Fast aircraft, for example military jets, may enter the pattern with a run-and-break (in the US, overhead maneuver or overhead break). The aircraft flies at speed along the final leg, and makes a sharp, high ...
An increase in weight increases the stall speed of the aircraft. Therefore, the landing approach speed increases as the aircraft's weight increases. The kinetic energy ( 1 / 2 mV 2) that has to be dissipated to stop an aircraft is a function of the mass of the aircraft and the square of its speed at touchdown. The kinetic energy ...
Aircraft pass through the 6-nautical-mile (11 km; 6.9 mi) fix at 1,200 feet (370 m) altitude, 150 knots (280 km/h; 170 mph), in the landing configuration and commence slowing to final approach speed. At 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi), aircraft begin a gradual (700-foot-per-minute (210 m/min) or 3–4°) descent until touchdown.
Landing is accomplished by slowing down and descending to the runway. This speed reduction is accomplished by reducing thrust and/or inducing a greater amount of drag using flaps, landing gear or speed brakes. When a fixed-wing aircraft approaches the ground, the pilot will move the control column back to execute a flare or round-out.