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An example PPF: points B, C and D are all productively efficient, but an economy at A would not be, because D involves more production of both goods. Point X cannot be achieved. Productive efficiency occurs under competitive equilibrium at the minimum of average total cost for each good, such as the one shown here.
When drawing diagrams for businesses, allocative efficiency is satisfied if output is produced at the point where marginal cost is equal to average revenue. This is the case for the long-run equilibrium of perfect competition. Productive efficiency occurs when units of goods are being supplied at the lowest possible average total cost.
Productivity is the efficiency of production of goods or services expressed by some measure. Measurements of productivity are often expressed as a ratio of an aggregate output to a single input or an aggregate input used in a production process, i.e. output per unit of input, typically over a specific period of time. [1]
In the short-run, perfectly competitive markets are not necessarily productively efficient, as output will not always occur where marginal cost is equal to average cost (MC = AC). However, in the long-run, productive efficiency occurs as new firms enter the industry. Competition reduces price and cost to the minimum of the long run average costs.
Figure 3: Production-possibilities frontier for an economy with two products illustrating Pareto efficiency Figure 4: Frontier points that violate allocative efficiency. Production-Possibility Frontier delineates the maximum amount/quantities of outputs (goods/services) an economy can achieve, given fixed resources (factors of production) and ...
Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs when a man is born with one or more extra X chromosomes, leading to a variety of impacts that include underdeveloped testicles, impaired testosterone production ...
Negative reinforcements, like yelling or striking your dog, does more harm than good. Stay patient and positive and before you know it, your dog will become a pro at basic commands and look ...
Externalities occur where there are significant social costs or benefits from production or consumption that are not reflected in market prices. For example, air pollution may generate a negative externality, and education may generate a positive externality (less crime, etc.).