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The obstetrical dilemma is a hypothesis to explain why humans often require assistance from other humans during childbirth to avoid complications, whereas most non-human primates give birth unassisted with relatively little difficulty. This occurs due to the tight fit of the fetal head to the maternal birth canal, which is additionally ...
Both twins born vaginally – this can occur both presented head first or where one comes head first and the other is breech and/or helped by a forceps/ventouse delivery; One twin born vaginally and the other by caesarean section. If the twins are joined at any part of the body – called conjoined twins, delivery is mostly by caesarean section.
In these large animals, the birth process is similar to that of a human, though in most the offspring is precocial. This means that it is born in a more advanced state than a human baby and is able to stand, walk and run (or swim in the case of an aquatic mammal) shortly after birth.
A vaginal delivery is the birth of offspring in mammals (babies in humans) through the vagina (also called the "birth canal"). [1] It is the most common method of childbirth worldwide. [ 2 ] It is considered the preferred method of delivery, as it is correlated with lower morbidity and mortality than caesarean sections (C-sections), [ 3 ...
A fetus or foetus (/ ˈ f iː t ə s /; pl.: fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn mammalian offspring that develops from an embryo. [1] Following the embryonic stage, the fetal stage of development takes place.
The embryological origin of the mouth and anus is an important characteristic, and forms the morphological basis for separating bilaterian animals into two natural groupings: the protostomes and deuterostomes. In animals at least as complex as an earthworm, a dent forms in one side of the early, spheroidal embryo.
Like humans, companion animal immune response changes with age where early life and later in life have similarities. That is, an immune bias whereby the animal has less of an ability to fend off infections and greater prevalence of allergy at both ends of the age spectrum.
In humans, induced lactation and relactation have been observed frequently in some cultures, and demonstrated with varying success in adoptive mothers and wet nurses. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] It appears plausible that the possibility of lactation in women (or females of other species) who are not biological mothers does confer an evolutionary advantage ...