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Bank angle μ: represents a rotation of the lift force around the velocity vector, which may indicate whether the airplane is turning. When performing the rotations described above to obtain the body frame from the Earth frame, there is this analogy between angles: σ, ψ (heading vs yaw) γ, θ (Flight path vs pitch) μ, φ (Bank vs Roll)
In February 1976, work commenced to automate the methods contained in the USAF Stability and Control DATCOM, specifically those contained in sections 4, 5, 6 and 7.The work was performed by the McDonnell Douglas Corporation under contract with the United States Air Force in conjunction with engineers at the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory in Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.
Aerodynamics – Branch of dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air; Aircraft flight control system – How aircraft are controlled; Fixed-wing aircraft – Heavier-than-air aircraft with fixed wings generating aerodynamic lift; Flight control surfaces – Surface that allows a pilot to adjust and control an aircraft's flight attitude
Under VFR conditions, the pilot corrects for small deviations from level by automatically using the true horizon, but in IMC or dark conditions the deviations can go unnoticed: the roll will increase and the lift, no longer vertical, is insufficient to support the airplane. The nose drops and speed increases; the spiral dive has begun.
a=chord, b=thickness, thickness-to-chord ratio = b/a The F-104 wing has a very low thickness-to-chord ratio of 3.36%. In aeronautics, the thickness-to-chord ratio, sometimes simply chord ratio or thickness ratio, compares the maximum vertical thickness of a wing to its chord.
There are two causes of aerodynamic force: [1]: §4.10 [2] [3]: 29 the normal force due to the pressure on the surface of the body; the shear force due to the viscosity of the gas, also known as skin friction. Pressure acts normal to the surface, and shear force acts parallel to the surface. Both forces act locally.
The rudder is a fundamental control surface which is typically controlled by pedals rather than at the stick. It is the primary means of controlling yaw—the rotation of an airplane about its vertical axis. The rudder may also be called upon to counter-act the adverse yaw produced by the roll-control surfaces.
Karl Dawson (K.D.) Wood (September 27, 1898 – April 19, 1995) was an aerospace education pioneer specializing in airplane and spacecraft design. His first two books, Airplane Design and Technical Aerodynamics , [ 2 ] with over ten editions, were the standard college textbooks for generations of aerospace engineers.