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Bank angle μ: represents a rotation of the lift force around the velocity vector, which may indicate whether the airplane is turning. When performing the rotations described above to obtain the body frame from the Earth frame, there is this analogy between angles: σ, ψ (heading vs yaw) γ, θ (Flight path vs pitch) μ, φ (Bank vs Roll)
Airplane Flight Dynamics and Automated Flight Controls I-II (1995) Airplane Aerodynamics and Performance with Dr. Chuan-Tau Edward Lan (1997) Roskam's Airplane War Stories: An Account of the Professional Life and Work of Dr. Jan Roskam, Airplane Designer and Teacher (2002) Lessons Learned in Aircraft Design (2007)
Aerodynamics – Branch of dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air; Aircraft flight control system – How aircraft are controlled; Fixed-wing aircraft – Heavier-than-air aircraft with fixed wings generating aerodynamic lift; Flight control surfaces – Surface that allows a pilot to adjust and control an aircraft's flight attitude
The Whitcomb Area Rule: NACA Aerodynamics Research and Innovation, History Nasa. Whitcomb, Richard T. (January 1956). A Study of the Zero-Lift Drag-Rise Characteristics of Wing-Body Combinations Near the Speed of Sound (Technical report). National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. hdl: 2060/19930092271 – via NASA Technical Reports Server.
Under VFR conditions, the pilot corrects for small deviations from level by automatically using the true horizon, but in IMC or dark conditions the deviations can go unnoticed: the roll will increase and the lift, no longer vertical, is insufficient to support the airplane. The nose drops and speed increases; the spiral dive has begun.
In these transonic speed ranges, compressibility causes a change in the density of the air around an airplane. During flight, a wing produces lift by accelerating the airflow over the upper surface. This accelerated air can, and does, reach supersonic speeds, even though the airplane itself may be flying at a subsonic airspeed (Mach number < 1.0
Aerodynamics is also important in the prediction of forces and moments acting on sailing vessels. It is used in the design of mechanical components such as hard drive heads. Structural engineers resort to aerodynamics, and particularly aeroelasticity, when calculating wind loads in the design of large buildings, bridges, and wind turbines.
The aerodynamic force on a powered airplane is commonly represented by three vectors: thrust, lift and drag. [ 3 ] : 151 [ 1 ] : § 14.2 The other force acting on an aircraft during flight is its weight , which is a body force and not an aerodynamic force.