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The name refers to the two types of symptoms in schizophrenia, as defined by the American Psychiatric Association: positive symptoms, which refer to an excess or distortion of normal functions (e.g., hallucinations and delusions), and negative symptoms, which represent a diminution or loss of normal functions. Some of these functions which may ...
The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) is a rating scale that mental health professionals use to measure negative symptoms in schizophrenia.Negative symptoms are those conspicuous by their absence—lack of concern for one's appearance, and lack of language and communication skills, for example.
Symptoms are described in terms of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. [3] [35] The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the same for any psychosis and are sometimes referred to as psychotic symptoms. These may be present in any of the different psychoses and are often transient, making early diagnosis of schizophrenia problematic.
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
Within psychological testing, the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) is a rating scale to measure positive symptoms in schizophrenia. The scale was developed by Nancy Andreasen and was first published in 1984. [1] SAPS is split into 4 domains, and within each domain separate symptoms are rated from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe).
Schizophrenia is diagnosed 1.4 times more frequently in males than females, with onset peaking at ages 20–28 years for males and 4–10 years later in females. [24] Females show more psychotic and affective symptoms than males, and have less social impairment. Men present more often with negative symptoms and disorganization. [2]
Positive symptoms tend to lessen with age, but negative symptoms and cognitive impairments continue to worsen. [22] [23] [24] Older adults with schizophrenia are prone to extrapyramidal side effects, anticholinergic toxicity, and sedation due to increased body fat, decreased total body water, and decreased muscle mass.
Cognition, [83] [84] negative and positive symptoms† [85] Well tolerated: ≥4 DB-RPCTs (one negative) 127: Relatively safe in overdose. Produces significant sedation and weight gain, however, which could potentially add to the adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics. Can reduce antipsychotic-induced akathisia. [86] Ritanserin: Negative ...
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