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Inca ideology was founded on Andean cosmology. This cosmology was hierarchical and dualistic , with a variety of opposing forces jostling in position through on-going action. Their worldview was animistic , and their amauta or amawt’a (teachers or sages) taught that the world was suffused with kamaq , meaning "breath" or "life-force".
The Inca Empire was a decentralized government consisting of a central government with the Inca at its head and four regional quarters, or suyu: Chinchay suyu (NW) Anti suyu (NE) Kunti suyu (SW) Qulla suyu (SE) The four corners of these quarters met at the center, Cuzco.
The Inca state was known as the Kingdom of Cuzco before 1438. Over the course of the Inca Empire, the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate the territory of modern-day Peru, followed by a large portion of western South America, into their empire, centered on the Andean mountain range.
The government in Cusco was not much different than most chiefdoms in the region. It is likely that the title held by each ruler was that of a kuraka or sinchi, [3] until the reign of Inca Roca, who introduced the term Sapa Inca, or Inca for short. The latter would be used to describe the ethnic group as a whole in the future, but it also meant ...
It was the capital of the Inca Empire (13th century – 1532). Many believe that the city was planned as an effigy in the shape of a puma, a sacred animal. [22] How Cusco was specifically built, or how its large stones were quarried and transported to the site remain undetermined. Under the Inca, the city had two sectors: the hurin and hanan.
The Inca plan was a proposal formulated in 1816 by Manuel Belgrano to the Congress of Tucumán, aiming to crown a Sapa Inca to lead the independent territory. After the Declaration of Independence of the United Provinces of South America (modern Argentina), the Congress discussed the form of government that should be used.
Statue of the Sapa Inca Pachacuti wearing the Mascapaicha (imperial crown), in the main square of Aguas Calientes, Peru. The Sapa Inca (from Quechua sapa inka; lit. ' the only emperor ') was the monarch of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu "the region of the four [provinces]"), as well as ruler of the earlier Kingdom of Cuzco and the later Neo-Inca State.
Manco Cápac (before c. 1200 – c. 1230; Quechua: Manqu Qhapaq, "the royal founder"), also known as Manco Inca and Ayar Manco, was, according to some historians, the first governor and founder of the Inca civilization in Cusco, possibly in the early 13th century. [3]