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Digital Signal 1 (DS1, sometimes DS-1) is a T-carrier signaling scheme devised by Bell Labs. [1] DS1 is the primary digital telephone standard used in the United States, Canada and Japan and is able to transmit up to 24 multiplexed voice and data calls over telephone lines.
Alarm indication signal (AIS) (also called all ones because of the data and framing pattern) is a signal transmitted by an intermediate element of a multi-node transport circuit that is part of a concatenated communications system to alert the receiving end of the circuit that a segment of the end-to-end link has failed at a logical or physical level, even if the system it is directly ...
A suffix letter or number may be used with the device number; for example, suffix N is used if the device is connected to a Neutral wire (example: 59N in a relay is used for protection against Neutral Displacement); and suffixes X, Y, Z are used for auxiliary devices.
Alarm Surveillance (AS) − Messages of events or conditions (e.g., carrier group alarms, threshold violations). Performance Monitoring (PM) − Generated performance data (e.g., number of errored seconds, number of slips). Failure Identification (FI) − Mechanisms within the NE to detect and isolate equipment and facility troubles.
Given a carrier frequency offset,Δ, the received continuous-time signal will be rotated by a constant frequency and is in the form of , = | = (+) + + The carrier frequency offset can first be normalized with respect to the sub carrier spacing (= / ()) and then decomposed into the integral component () and fractional component (), that is, = (+) and <.
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An emission designation is of the form BBBB 123 45, where BBBB is the bandwidth of the signal, 1 is a letter indicating the type of modulation used of the main carrier (not including any subcarriers which is why FM stereo is F8E and not D8E), 2 is a digit representing the type of modulating signal again of the main carrier, 3 is a letter ...
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