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ST segment depression and T-wave changes may be seen in patients with unstable angina; Depressed but upsloping ST segment generally rules out ischemia as a cause. Also, it can be a normal variant or artifacts, such as: Pseudo-ST-depression, which is a wandering baseline due to poor skin contact of the electrode [3]
IVCD can be caused by abnormalities in the structures of bundle of His, Purkinje fibers or ventricular myocardium. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (NICD) is a delay with widened QRS complex but without a specific intraventricular block present.
An upsloping, convex ST segment is highly predictive of a myocardial infarction (Pardee sign) while a concave ST elevation is less suggestive and can be found in other non-ischaemic causes. [1] Following infarction, ventricular aneurysm can develop, which leads to persistent ST elevation, loss of S wave, and T wave inversion. [1]
There must be a prolonged S wave in leads I and V 6 (sometimes referred to as a "slurred" S wave). The T wave should be deflected opposite the terminal deflection of the QRS complex. This is known as appropriate T wave discordance with bundle branch block. A concordant T wave may suggest ischemia or myocardial infarction. [citation needed]
The hexaxial reference system is a diagram that is used to determine the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane.. In electrocardiography, left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition wherein the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between −30° and −90°.
Left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) is an abnormal condition of the left ventricle of the heart, [1] [2] related to, but distinguished from, left bundle branch block (LBBB). It is caused by only the left anterior fascicle – one half of the left bundle branch being defective. It is manifested on the ECG by left axis deviation.
The electrical axis of the heart is the net direction in which the wave of depolarization travels. It is measured using an electrocardiogram (ECG). Normally, this begins at the sinoatrial node (SA node); from here the wave of depolarisation travels down to the apex of the heart. The hexaxial reference system can be used to visualise the ...
Research in the late 2000s has linked this finding to ventricular fibrillation, particularly in those who have fainted or have a family history of sudden cardiac death. [5] [6] [7] Although there is a significant relationship between ventricular fibrillation and some early repolarization's patterns, the overall lifetime occurrence of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation is exceptionally rare. [8]