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The custom was first recorded in the 16th century but is believed to date back much further. The tattoos could represent pride in being a woman, beauty, and protection. [4] They were associated with rites of passage for women and could indicate marital status. The motifs and shapes varied from island to island.
Painting by Gottfried Lindauer of a moko being carved into a man's face by a tohunga-tā-moko (tattooist) A collection of kōrere (feeding funnels). Historically the skin was carved by uhi [6] (chisels), rather than punctured as in common contemporary tattooing; this left the skin with grooves rather than a smooth surface.
Burmese tattoo pigments traditionally used diluted red mercury sulphide and soot from an oil lamp. [8] For black pigments, the soot was mixed with the dried gallbladder of fish or cattle in powder form, boiled in water and simmered with the leaves of bitter melon. [8] A product was reduced to paste form and dried until usage. [8]
The tattooing practice is most often found in preliterate tribal communities, with women playing the chief role in this custom, both performing the ritual of applying tattoos and wear them. Among other things the tattoos may have been a symbol of sexual maturity, ancestry and tribal affiliations, as well as religious beliefs. [ 6 ]
Tattoos are known as batok (or batuk) or patik among the Visayan people; batik, buri, or tatak among the Tagalog people; buri among the Pangasinan, Kapampangan, and Bicolano people; batek, butak, or burik among the Ilocano people; batek, batok, batak, fatek, whatok (also spelled fatok), or buri among the various Cordilleran peoples; [2] [3] [11] and pangotoeb (also spelled pa-ngo-túb ...
The government declared all tribal communities who enlist and have tattoos are allowed to have them all over the body only if they belong to a tribal community. Indians who are not part of a tribal community are only allowed to have tattoos in designated parts of the body such as the forearm, elbow, wrist, the side of the palm, and back and ...
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Tattoos on a Catholic woman from the Lašva Valley in central Bosnia. The most common symbols tattooed were the cross (križ), bracelet (narukvica), fence (ograda), and branches or twigs (grančica). [19] The cross had numerous variations, with one of the most common ones included small branch-like lines called "grančica" or "jelica" (pine ...