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Multidrug resistance is a serious problem. Tuberculosis with HIV co-infection (TB/HIV) is a major world health problem according to the World Health Organization: in 2007, 456,000 deaths among incident TB cases were HIV-positive, a third of all TB deaths and nearly a quarter of the estimated 2 million HIV deaths in that year. [18]
Globally, the most common mode of HIV transmission is via sexual contacts between people of the opposite sex; [18] however, the pattern of transmission varies among countries. As of 2017 [update] , most HIV transmission in the United States occurred among men who had sex with men (82% of new HIV diagnoses among males aged 13 and older and 70% ...
The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of ventilation, the duration of exposure, the virulence of the M. tuberculosis strain, the level of immunity in the uninfected person, and others.
Clostridioides difficile has also been shown to be spread by asymptomatic carriers, and poses significant problems in home-care settings. [6] Reports indicating that over 50% of long-term patients present with fecal contamination despite a lack of symptoms have led many hospitals to extend the period of contact precautions until discharge.
Syphilis (/ ˈ s ɪ f ə l ɪ s /) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. [1] The signs and symptoms depend on the stage it presents: primary, secondary, latent or tertiary.
Transmission electron micrograph of Chikungunya virus particles The virus consists of four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. [ 41 ] The structural proteins are the capsid and two envelope glycoproteins: E1 and E2, which form heterodimeric spikes on the viron surface.
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The most common mode of transmission of hepatitis C virus is exposure to blood products via blood transfusions (prior to 1992) and intravenous drug injection. [ 17 ] [ 105 ] A history of intravenous drug injection is the most important risk factor for chronic hepatitis C. [ 131 ] Other susceptible populations include those engaged in high-risk ...
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