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Also simply called Nāgarī (Sanskrit: नागरी, Nāgarī), [7] it is a left-to-right abugida (a type of segmental writing system), [8] based on the ancient Brāhmī script. [9] It is one of the official scripts of the Republic of India and Nepal. It was developed and in regular use by the 8th century CE [7] and achieved its modern form ...
The Bakhshali manuscript uses numerals with a place-value system, using a dot as a place holder for zero. [17] [7] The dot symbol came to be called the shunya-bindu (literally, the dot of the empty place). References to the concept are found in Subandhu's Vasavadatta, which has been dated between 385 and 465 by the scholar Maan Singh. [18]
Early forms of present-day Hindustani developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhraṃśa vernaculars of present-day North India in the 7th–13th centuries. [33] [38] Hindustani emerged as a contact language around the Ganges-Yamuna Doab (Delhi, Meerut and Saharanpur), a result of the increasing linguistic diversity that occurred during the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent.
Hindustani, the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu.Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.
The tabular presentation and dictionary order of the modern kana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely through the spread of Buddhism. [1] Southern Brahmi evolved into the Kadamba, Pallava and Vatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast Asia.
There are irregularities, however. फ़ f and ज़ z, which are found in both Persian and English loans, are transcribed with English Braille (and international) ⠋ and ⠵, as shown in the chart in the previous section, while the internal allophonic developments of ड़ ṛ and ढ़ ṛh are respectively an independent letter ⠻ in braille and a derivation from that letter rather ...
Three braille alphabets are used: Hindi and Urdu braille in India, based on Bharati braille conventions, and Urdu Braille in Pakistan, based on Persian Braille conventions. Hindi Braille is an alphabet with a not written in some environments, while for Urdu Braille in Pakistan, it seems that vowels may be optional as they are in print.
Proponents of tabular techniques, among whom David Parnas is prominent, emphasize their understandability, as well as the quality and cost advantages of a format allowing systematic inspection, [12] while corresponding shortcomings experienced with a graphical notation were cited in motivating the development of at least two tabular approaches.