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Mass attenuation coefficients of selected elements for X-ray photons with energies up to 250 keV. The mass attenuation coefficient, or mass narrow beam attenuation coefficient of a material is the attenuation coefficient normalized by the density of the material; that is, the attenuation per unit mass (rather than per unit of distance).
In the scientific community, Mr. Hubbell is known for his evaluations, computations and compilations of photon cross sections and attenuation (and energy-absorption) coefficients used in medicine, engineering and other disciplines. He is also known for his computationally tractable solutions of problems associated with the predictions of ...
In engineering, attenuation is usually measured in units of decibels per unit length of medium (dB/cm, dB/km, etc.) and is represented by the attenuation coefficient of the medium in question. [1] Attenuation also occurs in earthquakes ; when the seismic waves move farther away from the hypocenter , they grow smaller as they are attenuated by ...
The attenuation coefficient of a volume, denoted μ, is defined as [6] =, where Φ e is the radiant flux;; z is the path length of the beam.; Note that for an attenuation coefficient which does not vary with z, this equation is solved along a line from =0 to as:
absorption coefficient is essentially (but not quite always) synonymous with attenuation coefficient; see attenuation coefficient for details; molar absorption coefficient or molar extinction coefficient , also called molar absorptivity , is the attenuation coefficient divided by molarity (and usually multiplied by ln(10), i.e., decadic); see ...
Optical depth of a material is also related to its attenuation coefficient by: = (), where l is the thickness of that material through which the light travels; α(z) is the attenuation coefficient or Napierian attenuation coefficient of that material at z,
The mass attenuation coefficient can be looked up or calculated for any material and energy combination using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) databases. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In X-ray radiography the calculation of the mean free path is more complicated, because photons are not mono-energetic, but have some distribution of ...
A material's half-value layer (HVL), or half-value thickness, is the thickness of the material at which the intensity of radiation entering it is reduced by one half. [1] HVL can also be expressed in terms of air kerma rate (AKR), rather than intensity: the half-value layer is the thickness of specified material that, "attenuates the beam of radiation to an extent such that the AKR is reduced ...