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The iron had gained a little over 1% in mass from the carbon in the charcoal, and had become heterogeneous bars of blister steel. The bars were then shortened, bound, heated and forge welded together to become shear steel. It would be cut and re welded multiple times, with each new weld producing a more homogeneous, higher quality steel.
New methods of producing it by carburizing bars of iron in the cementation process were devised in the 17th century. During the Industrial Revolution , new methods of producing bar iron by substituting coke for charcoal emerged, and these were later applied to produce steel , ushering in a new era of greatly increased use of iron and steel that ...
Cementation of copper is a common example. Copper ions in solution, often from an ore leaching process, are precipitated out of solution in the presence of solid iron. The iron oxidizes, and the copper ions are reduced through the transfer of electrons. The reaction is spontaneous because copper is higher on the galvanic series than iron.
The manufacturing process, called the cementation process, consisted of heating bars of wrought iron together with charcoal for periods of up to a week in a long stone box. This produced blister steel. The blister steel was put in a crucible with wrought iron and melted, producing crucible steel.
Case-hardening or carburization is the process of introducing carbon to the surface of a low-carbon iron, or more commonly a low-carbon steel object, in order to harden the surface. Iron which has a carbon content greater than ~0.02% is known as steel.
New methods of producing it by carburizing bars of iron in the cementation process were devised in the 17th century. In the Industrial Revolution , new methods of producing bar iron without charcoal were devised and these were later applied to produce steel.
Bloomeries — where bar iron was produced from iron ore by direct reduction; Electrolytic smelting — Employs a chromium/iron anode that can survive a 2,850 °F (1,570 °C) to produce decarbonized iron and 2/3 of a ton of industrial-quality oxygen per ton of iron. A thin film of metal oxide forms on the anode in the intense heat.
Carburizing, or carburising, is a heat treatment process in which iron or steel absorbs carbon while the metal is heated in the presence of a carbon-bearing material, such as charcoal or carbon monoxide. The intent is to make the metal harder and more wear resistant. [1]