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  2. Thermal equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium

    When it is completely settled, so that macroscopic change is no longer detectable, it is in its own thermal equilibrium. It is not implied that it is necessarily in other kinds of internal equilibrium. For example, it is possible that a body might reach internal thermal equilibrium but not be in internal chemical equilibrium; glass is an ...

  3. Laws of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics

    If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. [4] Though this version of the law is one of the most commonly stated versions, it is only one of a diversity of statements that are labeled as "the zeroth law".

  4. Thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics

    This statement implies that thermal equilibrium is an equivalence relation on the set of thermodynamic systems under consideration. Systems are said to be in equilibrium if the small, random exchanges between them (e.g. Brownian motion) do not lead to a net change in energy. This law is tacitly assumed in every measurement of temperature.

  5. Chemical thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics

    Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes. The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics. Starting from the first and second ...

  6. Thermalisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermalisation

    In physics, thermalisation (or thermalization) is the process of physical bodies reaching thermal equilibrium through mutual interaction. In general, the natural tendency of a system is towards a state of equipartition of energy and uniform temperature that maximizes the system's entropy.

  7. Thermodynamic equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium

    Thermodynamic equilibrium is a notion of thermodynamics with axiomatic status referring to an internal state of a single thermodynamic system, or a relation between several thermodynamic systems connected by more or less permeable or impermeable walls.

  8. Liquidus and solidus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidus_and_solidus

    In chemistry, materials science, and physics, the liquidus temperature specifies the temperature above which a material is completely liquid, [2] and the maximum temperature at which crystals can co-exist with the melt in thermodynamic equilibrium.

  9. Equilibrium thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_thermodynamics

    An equilibrium state is mathematically ascertained by seeking the extrema of a thermodynamic potential function, whose nature depends on the constraints imposed on the system. For example, a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure will reach equilibrium at a minimum of its components' Gibbs free energy and a maximum of their entropy.