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The reports provide guidelines intending to give guidelines to reduce the health effects of air pollution. [2] The guidelines stipulate that PM 2.5 should not exceed 5 μg/m 3 annual mean, or 15 μg/m 3 24-hour mean; and that PM 10 should not exceed 15 μg/m 3 annual mean, or 45 μg/m 3 24-hour mean. [2]
Vaccination of dogs is the practice of animal vaccination applied to dogs. Programs in this field have contributed both to the health of dogs and to the public health . In countries where routine rabies vaccination of dogs is practiced, for example, rabies in humans is reduced to a very rare event.
Animal welfare organizations are concerned with the health, safety and psychological wellness of individual animals. These organizations include animal rescue groups and wildlife rehabilitation centers, which care for animals in distress and sanctuaries, where animals are brought to live and be protected for the rest of their lives.
The human vaccine development process generally takes 10 to 15 years, whereas the animal vaccine process only takes an average 5 to 7 years to produce. [23] Albeit, the ability to prioritise potential vaccine targets and the use of studies to test safety is less in the animal vaccine production compared to human vaccines.
The vaccines included in the agency’s program are rabies, DHPP (distemper, hepatitis, parainfluenza, parvo) and Bortadella. Each vaccine costs $10. Owners can also get their dogs microchipped ...
A separate Year Average Common Air Quality Index (YACAQI) is also defined, in which different pollutant sub-indices are separately normalised to a value typically near unity. For example, the yearly averages of NO 2, PM 10 and PM 2.5 are divided by 40 μg/m 3, 40 μg/m 3 and 20 μg/m 3, respectively.
The vaccine can be used for both males and females and costs about 50,000 Chilean Pesos ($54). It requires a veterinarian's prescription and evaluation to ensure the dog is a suitable candidate.
Particulate matter (PM), particularly PM2.5, was found to be harmful to aquatic invertebrates. [41] These aquatic invertebrates include fish, crustaceans, and Mollusca. In a study by Han et al, the effects of PM<2.5 micrometers on life history traits and oxidative stress were observed in Tigriopus japonicus.
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