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The Book of the Dead is the name given to an ancient Egyptian funerary text generally written on papyrus and used from the beginning of the New Kingdom (around 1550 BC) to around 50 BC. [1] "
Anubis as a jackal perched atop a tomb, symbolizing his protection of the necropolis "Anubis" is a Greek rendering of this god's Egyptian name. [6] [7] Before the Greeks arrived in Egypt, around the 7th century BC, the god was known as Anpu or Inpu. The root of the name in ancient Egyptian language means "a royal child."
The Egyptian jackal was listed as a subspecies of the golden jackal but molecular and osteological data has established that it is a unique species in its own right. It is native to Egypt, Libya , and Ethiopia , though its post- Pleistocene range once encompassed the Palestine region .
The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth by Day, The First Authentic Presentation of the Complete "Papyrus of Ani", Introduction and commentary by Dr. Ogden Goelet, Translation by Dr. Raymond O. Faulkner, Preface by Carol Andrews, Featuring Integrated Text and Full Color Images, (Chronicle Books, San Francisco) c1994, Rev. ed. c1998.
Ay, with a leopard skin, performing the opening of the mouth for Tutankhamun.Wall painting from the Tomb of Tutankhamun (KV 62), 18th Dynasty (c. 1325 BCE). The ancient Egyptians held the belief that to reach the afterlife, one must pass through a series of arduous trials in the duat, which involve evading perilous creatures and traps.
This location and the orientation of the Anubis shrine towards the west, the direction of the afterlife in Ancient Egyptian belief, show the role of the god Anubis as guardian of the necropolis. [8] This is made clear by a small brick of unfired clay, known as a magic brick, found at the entrance to the Store Room, in front of the shrine.
The Book of the Dead followed a tradition of Egyptian funerary literature that dated back as far as the 26th century BC. Similar practices were followed by followers of the cult of Orpheus, who lived in southern Italy and Crete in the 6th–1st century BC. Their dead were buried with gold plates or laminae on which were inscribed directions ...
Many Egyptians considered the tomb to be a home for the dead, so it was customary to leave offerings near the body of the deceased. [20] Egyptians believed that even after death, one's spirit would live on because the life force was a separate entity that could detach itself from the body.