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2. Magnification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnification

   With any telescope, microscope or lens, a maximum magnification exists beyond which the image looks bigger but shows no more detail. It occurs when the finest detail the instrument can resolve is magnified to match the finest detail the eye can see. Magnification beyond this maximum is sometimes called "empty magnification".

3. f-number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number

   where N is the uncorrected f-number, NA i is the image-space numerical aperture of the lens, | | is the absolute value of the lens's magnification for an object a particular distance away, and P is the pupil magnification. Since the pupil magnification is seldom known it is often assumed to be 1, which is the correct value for all symmetric lenses.

4. Afocal system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afocal_system

   The magnification of such a telescope is given by M = f 2 f 1 , {\displaystyle M={\frac {f_{2}}{f_{1}}},} Afocal systems are used in laser optics, for instance as beam expanders , Infrared and forward looking infrared systems, camera zoom lenses and telescopic lens attachments such as teleside converters , [ 3 ] and photography setups combining ...

5. Focal length - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length

   To focus an object 1 m away (s 1 = 1,000 mm), the lens must be moved 2.6 mm farther away from the film plane, to s 2 = 52.6 mm. The focal length of a lens determines the magnification at which it images distant objects. It is equal to the distance between the image plane and a pinhole that images distant objects the same size as the lens in ...

6. Angular resolution - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_resolution

   where θ is the angular resolution , λ is the wavelength of light, and D is the diameter of the lens' aperture. The factor 1.22 is derived from a calculation of the position of the first dark circular ring surrounding the central Airy disc of the diffraction pattern. This number is more precisely 1.21966989...

7. Exit pupil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_pupil

   For a telescope, the diameter of the exit pupil can be calculated by dividing the focal length of the eyepiece by the focal ratio (f-number) of the telescope. In all but the cheapest telescopes, the eyepieces are interchangeable, and for this reason, the magnification is not written on the scope, as it will change with different eyepieces.

8. Numerical aperture - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_aperture

   In microscopy, NA is important because it indicates the resolving power of a lens. The size of the finest detail that can be resolved (the resolution) is proportional to ⁠ λ / 2NA ⁠, where λ is the wavelength of the light. A lens with a larger numerical aperture will be able to visualize finer details than a lens with a smaller numerical ...

9. Eye relief - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_relief

   The eye relief of an optical instrument (such as a telescope, a microscope, or binoculars) is the distance from the last surface of an eyepiece within which the user's eye can obtain the full viewing angle. If a viewer's eye is outside this distance, a reduced field of view will be obtained.