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Microtonality is the use in music of microtones — intervals smaller than a semitone, also called "microintervals".It may also be extended to include any music using intervals not found in the customary Western tuning of twelve equal intervals per octave.
A semitone is thus made of two steps, and three steps make a three-quarter tone or neutral second, half of a minor third. The 8-TET scale is composed of three-quarter tones. Four steps make a whole tone. Quarter tones and intervals close to them also occur in a number of other equally tempered tuning systems.
Another modification of the instrument is that by musicologist Vidyadhar Oke, who developed a 22-microtone harmonium, which can play 22 microtones as required in Indian classical music. The fundamental tone ( Shadja ) and the fifth ( Pancham ) are fixed, but the other ten notes have two microtones each, one higher and one lower.
A specialized technique called "meend" involves pulling the main melody string down over the bottom portion of the sitar's curved frets, with which the sitarist can achieve a seven-semitone range of microtonal notes (however, because of the sitar's movable frets, sometimes a fret may be set to a microtone already, and no bending would be required).
Medieval Europe was the lone exception to this rule, developing harmonic music in the 14th/15th century as musical culture transitioned form sacred music (meant for the church) to secular music. [119] South Asian and West Asian music were similar to each other for their use of microtone.
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Unlike much western music, Arabic music includes quarter tones halfway between notes, often through the use of stringed instruments (like the oud) or the human voice. Further distinguishing characteristics of Middle Eastern and North African music include very complex rhythmic structures, generally tense vocal tone, and a monophonic texture .
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