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Catatonia is a complex syndrome, most commonly seen in people with underlying mood (e.g major depressive disorder) or psychotic disorders (e.g schizophrenia). [2] [3] People with catatonia have abnormal movement and behaviors, which vary from person to person and fluctuate in intensity within a single episode. [4]
The main cause is total necrosis of the cerebral neurons following loss of brain oxygenation. After brain death the patient lacks any sense of awareness; sleep-wake cycles or behavior, and typically look as if they are dead or are in a deep sleep-state or coma. Although visually similar to a comatose state such as persistent vegetative state ...
The International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10 (ICD-10) classifies PTSD under "Reaction to severe stress, and adjustment disorders." [ 165 ] The ICD-10 criteria for PTSD include re-experiencing, avoidance, and either increased reactivity or inability to recall certain details related to the event.
A vegetative state (VS) or post-coma unresponsiveness (PCU) [1] is a disorder of consciousness in which patients with severe brain damage are in a state of partial arousal rather than true awareness. After four weeks in a vegetative state, the patient is classified as being in a persistent vegetative state (PVS).
Catatonic depression is underdiagnosed and may impact up to 38% of acute psychiatric patients, as it creates particular symptoms as indicated above and necessitates a specific treatment approach with an emphasis on medications to relieve symptoms. [1] Catatonia affects over 10% of all persons hospitalized to psychiatric facilities.
Unconsciousness may occur as the result of traumatic brain injury, brain hypoxia (inadequate oxygen, possibly due to a brain infarction or cardiac arrest), severe intoxication with drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system (e.g., alcohol and other hypnotic or sedative drugs), severe fatigue, pain, anaesthesia, and other causes.
The ACDU scale, like AVPU, is easier to use than the GCS and produces similarly accurate results. [10] Using ACDU, a patient is assessed for alertness, confusion, drowsiness, and unresponsiveness. [10] The Grady Coma Scale classes people on a scale of I to V along a scale of confusion, stupor, deep stupor, abnormal posturing, and coma. [9]
Recurrent brief depression (RBD) defines a mental disorder characterized by intermittent depressive episodes, not related to menstrual cycles in women, occurring between approximately 6–12 times per year, over at least one year or more fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for major depressive episodes (DSM-IV and ICD-10) except for duration in which RBD is less than 14 days (typically 5–7 ...