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Flocculation (in polymer science) ... States that must achieve a numeric turbidity limit are more inclined to use flocculants to ensure the appropriate level of ...
The driving force for flocculation is a weak van der Waals attraction between drops at large distances, which is known as the secondary energy minimum. [2] An electrostatic repulsion between the surfaces prevents the drops from touching and merging, stabilizing the macroemulsion.
Coagulation-flocculation process in a water treatment system. In water treatment, coagulation and flocculation involve the addition of compounds that promote the clumping of fine floc into larger floc so that they can be more easily separated from the water. Coagulation is a chemical process that involves neutralization of charge whereas ...
When polymers chains adsorb to particles loosely, a polymer chain may bridge two particles, and induce bridging forces. This situation is referred to as bridging flocculation. When particle aggregation is solely driven by diffusion, one refers to perikinetic aggregation. Aggregation can be enhanced through shear stress (e.g., stirring).
These can be supplied in dry or liquid form for use in the flocculation process. The most common liquid polyacrylamide is supplied as an emulsion with 10-40% actives and the rest is a non-aqueous carrier fluid, surfactants and latex. This form allows easy handling of viscous polymers at high concentrations.
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air.The measurement of turbidity is a key test of both water clarity and water quality.
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The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is an irrigation water quality parameter used in the management of sodium-affected soils.It is an indicator of the suitability of water for use in agricultural irrigation, as determined from the concentrations of the main alkaline and earth alkaline cations present in the water.