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Caffenol is a photographic alternative process whereby phenols, sodium carbonate and optionally vitamin C are used in aqueous solution as a film and print photographic developer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Other basic (as opposed to acidic ) chemicals can be used in place of sodium carbonate; however, sodium carbonate is the most common.
The term alternative process refers to any non-traditional or non-commercial photographic printing process. Currently, the standard analog photographic printing process for black-and-white photographs is the gelatin silver process. [1]
In graphic art film, also called lithographic film which is a special type of black and white film used for converting images into halftone images for offset printing, a developer containing methol-hydroquinone and sulfite stabilizers may be used. Exposed silver halide oxidizes the hydroquinone, which then oxidizes a nucleating agent in the ...
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The term “found photography” can also refer more broadly to art that incorporates found photos as material, assembling or transforming them in some fashion. For example, Stephen Bull, in his introduction to A Companion to Photography, describes artist Joachim Schmid as “a key practitioner of ‘found photography.’” [7]
The first permanent photograph, a contact-exposed copy of an engraving, was made in 1822 using the bitumen-based "heliography" process developed by Nicéphore Niépce.The first photographs of a real-world scene, made using a camera obscura, followed a few years later at Le Gras, France, in 1826, but Niépce's process was not sensitive enough to be practical for that application: a camera ...
The composition techniques in photography are mere guidelines to help beginners capture eye-catching images. These provide a great starting point until an individual is able to outgrow them in capturing images through more advance techniques.