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Conversely, if the pathogen is not well adapted to its host environment, then it will not spread or infect the way a well adapted pathogen would. Pathogens like Salmonella, which is a food borne pathogen, are able to adapt to the host environment and maintain virulence via several pathways.
In biology, a pathogen (Greek: πάθος, pathos "suffering", "passion" and -γενής, -genēs "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ. [1] The term pathogen came into use in the 1880s.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to concepts related to infectious diseases in humans.. Infection – transmission, entry/invasion after evading/overcoming defense, establishment, and replication of disease-causing microscopic organisms (pathogens) inside a host organism, and the reaction of host tissues to them and to the toxins they produce.
Diseases caused by facultative intracellular bacteria include Listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes), Typhoid Fever (Salmonella typhi), Legionnaires' disease (Legionella pneumophila), and Salmonellosis (Salmonella enterica) to name a few. [3] While they can invade the human body, they are also capable of living extracellularly.
The host-pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes or viruses sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal or population level. This term is most commonly used to refer to disease-causing microorganisms although they may not cause illness in all hosts. [ 1 ]
Climate change can affect organisms by elongating their reproductive cycles. [26] In addition to this, climate change allows for pathogens to expand beyond tropical zones, dramatically impacting species because of the introduction of new pathogens. [29] These impacted species include humans and human livestock. [29]
Some pathogens that contaminate food are even showing up in the U.S. for the first time thanks to climate change. Threat of foodborne pathogens is growing with climate change, experts warn Skip to ...
Once pathogens attach to host cells, they can cause direct damage as the pathogens use the host cell for nutrients and produce waste products. [23] For example, Streptococcus mutans, a component of dental plaque, metabolizes dietary sugar and produces acid as a waste product. The acid decalcifies the tooth surface to cause dental caries. [24]