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A close paraphrase of one sentence from a book may be of low concern, while a close paraphrase of one paragraph of a two-paragraph article might be considered a serious violation. Editors must therefore take particular care when writing an article, or a section of an article, that has much the same scope as a single source.
Avoiding close paraphrasing. Here are some tips to avoid close paraphrasing: Find a few different sources, and take notes in your own writing. Write notes like you were explaining the idea to a friend, rather than just transcribing the source. Don't write your article with your original sources open in front of you.
A paraphrase can be introduced with verbum dicendi—a declaratory expression to signal the transition to the paraphrase. For example, in "The author states 'The signal was red,' that is, the train was not allowed to proceed," the that is signals the paraphrase that follows. A paraphrase does not need to accompany a direct quotation. [20]
For fictional works, more than "very close paraphrasing" is protected. US copyright law protects against paraphrasing a story by, for example, copying a detailed plot sequence but using different language for the dialogue.
It may seem obvious that editors should choose their own words when writing articles. We have a long content guideline on plagiarism and another explanatory essay on close paraphrasing. And it is obvious and normal for editors to choose their own words, rather than lift them from our sources. It is quite normal for a copyeditor to revise ...
Protected writing has been held to be infringed by paraphrase that remains sufficiently close that, in spite of changes, it appropriates the craft of authorship of the original (Section 13-40; Perle & Williams on publishing law, 3rd edition. 2004 Supplement. Perle, Fischer & Williams.
At Yale it is the "use of another's work, words, or ideas without attribution", which includes "using a source's language without quoting, using information from a source without attribution, and paraphrasing a source in a form that stays too close to the original". [59]
The rules cover not only copy-and-paste plagiarism, but also close paraphrasing and copyright violations. And the stakes are high: the consequences of committing plagiarism in a Wikipedia class assignment are the same as handing in a paper you didn't write.
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