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Bird with earthworm: Shepard gives example of bird using "generalization," based on experience with one previous worm, to decide if another worm is edible. The universal law of generalization is a theory of cognition stating that the probability of a response to one stimulus being generalized to another is a function of the “distance ...
Moral circle expansion is an increase over time in the number and type of entities given moral consideration. [1] The general idea of moral inclusion was discussed by ancient philosophers and since the 19th century has inspired social movements related to human rights and animal rights.
[9] [10] Motivational models often refer to self-efficacy as one's belief that they are competent and can achieve specific goals. [11] Within the self-expansion model, potential efficacy is used instead, as it only refers to obtaining resources that will make goal attainment possible. Achievement of this goal is a secondary concern. [12]
Jungian archetypes are a concept from psychology that refers to a universal, inherited idea, pattern of thought, or image that is present in the collective unconscious of all human beings. The psychic counterpart of instinct , archetypes are thought to be the basis of many of the common themes and symbols that appear in stories, myths, and ...
Moral universalism (also called moral objectivism) is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics, or a universal ethic, applies universally, that is, for "all similarly situated individuals", [1] regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, or any other distinguishing feature. [2]
"Behavioral sink" is a term invented by ethologist John B. Calhoun to describe a collapse in behavior that can result from overpopulation.The term and concept derive from a series of over-population experiments Calhoun conducted on Norway rats between 1958 and 1962. [1]
Theoretical psychology is concerned with theoretical and philosophical aspects of psychology.It is an interdisciplinary field with a wide scope of study.. It focuses on combining and incorporating existing and developing theories of psychology non-experimentally.
Evolutionary epistemology of theories assumes that scientific theories develop through variation and selection; Memetics is a theory of the variation, transmission, and selection of cultural items, such as ideas, fashions, and traditions; Dual inheritance theory a framework for cultural evolution developed largely independently of memetics