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The black Seminole culture that took shape after 1800 was a dynamic mixture of African, Native American, Spanish, and slave traditions. Adopting certain practices of the Native Americans, maroons wore Seminole clothing and ate the same foodstuffs prepared the same way: they gathered the roots of a native plant called coontie, grinding, soaking, and straining them to make a starchy flour ...
John Horse, Black Seminole leader. John Horse (c. 1812–1882), [1] also known as Juan Caballo, Juan Cavallo, John Cowaya (with spelling variations) and Gopher John, [2] was a man of mixed African and Seminole ancestry who fought alongside the Seminoles in the Second Seminole War in Florida.
Creek slavers and those from other native groups, and whites, began raiding the Black Seminole settlements to kidnap and enslave people. The Seminole leadership would become headed by a pro-Creek faction who supported the institution of chattel slavery. These threats led to many Black Seminoles escaping to Mexico. [64] [65]
After the forced relocation of the Seminoles and Black Seminoles from Florida to Indian Territory, a group led by Seminole sub-chief Wild Cat and Black Seminole chief John Horse moved to northern Mexico. [2] The group settled at El Nacimiento in 1852. [3] They worked for the Mexican government to protect against Indian raids.
Seminole history Archived 2005-03-26 at the Wayback Machine, Florida Department of State; John Horse and the Black Seminoles, First Black Rebels to Beat American Slavery; Clay MacCauley, The Seminole Indians of Florida, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnology, 1884, Project Gutenberg
Hundreds of Black Seminoles and fugitive slaves escaped in the early nineteenth century from Cape Florida to the Bahamas, where they settled on Andros Island, [22] founding Nicholls Town , named for the Anglo-Irish commander and abolitionist who fostered their escape, Edward Nicolls .
The term Freedmen refers to descendants of people of African American descent who were enslaved by the Five Civilized Tribes. [1] [2] (They often overlap with those who are descended from those enslaved African descendants who voluntarily joined the Seminole nation, including those who fled from the Seminole Nation, when it adopted the practice of slavery, to Mexico, today known as Mascogos.
The Seminoles of Florida by Minnie Moore-Willson; The Black Seminoles: History of a Freedom-Seeking People; Laumer, Frank (1995) Dade's Last Command. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1324-0; Mahon, John K. (1992) History of the Second Seminole War 1835-1842. University of Florida Press. P. 106. ISBN 0-8130-1097-7