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In SGML, HTML and XML documents, the logical constructs known as character data and attribute values consist of sequences of characters, in which each character can manifest directly (representing itself), or can be represented by a series of characters called a character reference, of which there are two types: a numeric character reference and a character entity reference.
In object-oriented computer programming, a null object is an object with no referenced value or with defined neutral (null) behavior.The null object design pattern, which describes the uses of such objects and their behavior (or lack thereof), was first published as "Void Value" [1] and later in the Pattern Languages of Program Design book series as "Null Object".
A numeric character reference (NCR) is a common markup construct used in SGML and SGML-derived markup languages such as HTML and XML. It consists of a short sequence of characters that, in turn, represents a single character. Since WebSgml, XML and HTML 4, the code points of the Universal Character Set (UCS) of Unicode are used.
Development efforts migrated to the WHATWG, which continues to maintain a living standard. [5] In 2009, the Web Applications group reorganized DOM activities at the W3C. [6] In 2013, due to a lack of progress and the impending release of HTML5, the DOM Level 4 specification was reassigned to the HTML Working Group to expedite its completion. [7]
The codes from HTML versions 4 and early work — for example  (  ) but the codes from HTML5 do not work for me — for example Ş ( Ş - Ş ) - I tried in Chrome and Firefox. Wikipedia does not support HTML 5 ? — Ark25 17:44, 28 March 2020 (UTC) Neither does it for me in SeaMonkey 2.53.2 (Gecko 60.3.2) on Linux.
In mathematical typography, the widths of spaces are usually given in integral multiples of an eighteenth of an em, and 4/18 em may be used in several situations, for example between the a and the + and between the + and the b in the expression a + b. [5] HTML/XML named entity:  , LaTeX: \: (the LaTeX medium space is a no-break space)
An empty element may be: An empty HTML element, one with tag(s) but no content (HTML element § Empty element) An empty XML element, one with tag(s) but no content (XML § Key terminology) An empty SGML element, one with tag(s) but no content (Standard Generalized Markup Language § EMPTY).
A general entity can only be referenced within the document content. A parameter entity can only be referenced within the document type definition (DTD). Entities are also further classified as parsed or unparsed: A parsed entity contains text, which will be incorporated into the document and parsed if the entity is referenced. A parameter ...