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In SGML, HTML and XML documents, the logical constructs known as character data and attribute values consist of sequences of characters, in which each character can manifest directly (representing itself), or can be represented by a series of characters called a character reference, of which there are two types: a numeric character reference and a character entity reference.
In object-oriented computer programming, a null object is an object with no referenced value or with defined neutral (null) behavior.The null object design pattern, which describes the uses of such objects and their behavior (or lack thereof), was first published as "Void Value" [1] and later in the Pattern Languages of Program Design book series as "Null Object".
While Hypertext Markup Language has been in use since 1991, HTML 4.0 from December 1997 was the first standardized version where international characters were given reasonably complete treatment. When an HTML document includes special characters outside the range of seven-bit ASCII , two goals are worth considering: the information's integrity ...
HTML 4 is an SGML application conforming to ISO 8879 – SGML. [20] April 24, 1998 HTML 4.0 [21] was reissued with minor edits without incrementing the version number. December 24, 1999 HTML 4.01 [22] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and its last errata [23] were published on May 12, 2001 ...
A whitespace character is a character data element that represents white space when text is rendered for display by a computer.. For example, a space character (U+0020 SPACE, ASCII 32) represents blank space such as a word divider in a Western script.
A general entity can only be referenced within the document content. A parameter entity can only be referenced within the document type definition (DTD). Entities are also further classified as parsed or unparsed: A parsed entity contains text, which will be incorporated into the document and parsed if the entity is referenced. A parameter ...
An empty element may be: An empty HTML element, one with tag(s) but no content (HTML element § Empty element) An empty XML element, one with tag(s) but no content (XML § Key terminology) An empty SGML element, one with tag(s) but no content (Standard Generalized Markup Language § EMPTY).
The Document Object Model (DOM) is a cross-platform and language-independent interface that treats an HTML or XML document as a tree structure wherein each node is an object representing a part of the document. The DOM represents a document with a logical tree.