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Spondylolisthesis is when one spinal vertebra slips out of place compared to another. [1] While some medical dictionaries define spondylolisthesis specifically as the forward or anterior displacement of a vertebra over the vertebra inferior to it (or the sacrum), [2] [3] it is often defined in medical textbooks as displacement in any direction.
Retrolisthesis can be classified as a form of spondylolisthesis, since spondylolisthesis is often defined in the literature as displacement in any direction. [1] [2] Yet, medical dictionaries usually define spondylolisthesis specifically as the forward or anterior displacement of a vertebra over the vertebra inferior to it (or the sacrum).
These exercises were initially developed for men under 50 and women under 40 who had exaggerated lumbar lordosis, whose x-ray films showed decreased disc space between lumbar spine segments (L1-S1), and whose symptoms were chronic, but low grade. [citation needed]
This difference, and because the lumbar spines of the extinct Nacholapithecus (a Miocene hominoid with six lumbar vertebrae and no tail) are similar to those of early Australopithecus and early Homo, it is assumed that the chimpanzee–human last common ancestor also had a long vertebral column with a long lumbar region and the reduction in the ...
It can be classified by the part of the spine affected into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar stenosis. [2] Lumbar stenosis is the most common, followed by cervical stenosis. [2] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and medical imaging. [4] Treatment may involve medications, bracing, or surgery. [6]
The bone grafts complete their fusion in 4–8 months following the surgery, securing the spine in the correct position. The procedure is also used to treat spinal instability, fractures in the lumbar spine and, severe degenerative disc disease. The process is relatively non-invasive, performed through small incisions and has a high success ...
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Grade C herniations are the most lateral and protrude into the intervertebral foramen (through which spinal nerves travel). Grade B herniated discs are those located between grade A and C, using the facet joint as the landmark for the lateral border. MSU Classification is primarily used for classifying herniated discs in the lumbar spine.