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Helium is the least water-soluble monatomic gas, [96] and one of the least water-soluble of any gas (CF 4, SF 6, and C 4 F 8 have lower mole fraction solubilities: 0.3802, 0.4394, and 0.2372 x 2 /10 −5, respectively, versus helium's 0.70797 x 2 /10 −5), [97] and helium's index of refraction is closer to unity than that of any other gas. [98]
Helium and neon are also used as refrigerants due to their low boiling points. Industrial quantities of the noble gases, except for radon, are obtained by separating them from air using the methods of liquefaction of gases and fractional distillation. Helium is also a byproduct of the mining of natural gas.
Download QR code; Print/export Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects Wikidata item; Appearance. ... helium: He 0 18 0 [1] 3 lithium: Li −1 +1: 1 [2] 4
As a side effect of the process, some carbon nuclei fuse with additional helium to produce a stable isotope of oxygen and energy: 12 6 C + 4 2 He → 16 8 O + γ (+7.162 MeV) Nuclear fusion reactions of helium with hydrogen produces lithium-5, which also is highly unstable, and decays back into smaller nuclei with a half-life of 3.7 × 10 −22 s.
Helium is used as a tracer because it penetrates small leaks rapidly. Helium also has the properties of being non-toxic, chemically inert and present in the atmosphere only in minute quantities (5 ppm). Typically a helium leak detector will be used to measure leaks in the range of 10 −5 to 10 −12 Pa·m 3 ·s −1.
AIDGAP is an acronym for Aid to Identification in Difficult Groups of Animals and Plants. The AIDGAP series is a set of books published by the Field Studies Council . They are intended to enable students and interested non-specialists to identify groups of taxa in Britain which are not covered by standard field guides .
When comparing vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore diet types, researchers found that food quality and diversity may have the biggest impact on the health and structure of the gut microbiome.