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According to Shonkoff, extreme, long-lasting stress in the absence of supportive relationships to buffer the effects of a heightened stress response can produce damage and weakening of bodily and brain systems, which can lead to diminished physical and mental health throughout a person's lifetime. Extreme exposure to such toxic stress can ...
The hippocampus also has connections with the body's stress response system. [10] The hippocampus is responsible for the negative feedback regulation of the Hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis. [13] Failure to regulate stress response through the HPA axis can have long-term health effects through the experience of chronic stress. [13]
Hans Selye defined stress as “the nonspecific (that is, common) result of any demand upon the body, be the effect mental or somatic.” [5] This includes the medical definition of stress as a physical demand and the colloquial definition of stress as a psychological demand. A stressor is inherently neutral meaning that the same stressor can ...
Physical Health and Physiological Issues. Parenting stress has been associated with elevated cortisol and oxytocin levels both in parents and their children. [30] [32] [29] These are well-established chemical markers of an individual's mental and physical health. Mothers who exhibit high levels of parenting stress also display a failure to care ...
Neglect, abandonment, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and physical abuse are all forms of psychological trauma that can have long-lasting effects on a child's mental health. These types of abuse disrupt a child's sense of safety and trust, which can lead to various mental disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attachment ...
Engaging in active physical pursuits has demonstrated positive effects on the mental health of children and adolescents, [88] enhances their academic performance, [89] boosts cognitive function, [90] and diminishes the likelihood of obesity and cardiovascular diseases among this demographic. [91]
As children's and young people's experiences and knowledge are typically communicated through play, it is an essential vehicle for personality and social development. In recent years, play therapists in the western hemisphere, as a body of health professionals, are usually members or affiliates of professional training institutions and tend to ...
The diathesis-stress model, also known as the vulnerability–stress model, is a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory, as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability, the diathesis, and stress caused by life experiences.