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A wheeze is a clinical symptom of a continuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in the respiratory airways during breathing. [1] For wheezes to occur, part of the respiratory tree must be narrowed or obstructed (for example narrowing of the lower respiratory tract in an asthmatic attack), or airflow velocity within the respiratory tree must be heightened.
When the airways spasm or constrict in response to the irritating stimulus of the breathing tube, it is difficult to maintain the airway and the patient can become apneic. During general anesthesia, signs of bronchospasm include wheezing, high peak inspiratory pressures, increased intrinsic PEEP , decreased expiratory tidal volumes, and an ...
A history of exposure to potential causes and evaluation of symptoms may help in revealing the cause the exacerbation, which helps in choosing the best treatment. A sputum culture can specify which strain is causing a bacterial AECB. [5] An early morning sample is preferred. [7] E-nose showed the ability to smell the cause of the exacerbation. [8]
The primary treatment involves mechanical ventilation together with treatments directed at the underlying cause. [1] Ventilation strategies include using low volumes and low pressures. [1] If oxygenation remains insufficient, lung recruitment maneuvers and neuromuscular blockers may be used. [1]
It presents with a hyperinflated chest, expiratory wheeze and low oxygen. [5] Severe pneumonia is most common in very young children age three to 18 months and presents with sudden illness, ongoing cough, high fever, shortness of breath and a fast rate of breathing. [5] There are frequently wheezes and crackles on breathing in and out. [5]
Crackles are more common during the inspiratory than the expiratory phase of breathing, but they may be heard during the expiratory phase. Crackles are often described as fine, medium, and coarse. They can also be characterized as to their timing: fine crackles are usually late-inspiratory, whereas coarse crackles are early inspiratory.
COPD is defined as a forced expiratory volume in 1 second divided by the forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) that is less than 0.7 (or 70%). [8] The residual volume, the volume of air left in the lungs following full expiration, is often increased in COPD, as is the total lung capacity, while the vital capacity remains relatively normal.
Medical treatment for restrictive lung disease is normally limited to supportive care since both the intrinsic and extrinsic causes can have irreversible effects on lung compliance. [10] The supportive therapies focus on maximizing pulmonary function and preserving activity tolerance through oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, inhaled beta ...
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