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Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C 6 H 4 (OH) 2. It has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
[18] [19] Hydroquinone was the most commonly prescribed hyperpigmentation treatment before the long-term safety concerns were raised, [20] and the use of it became more regulated in several countries and discouraged in general by WHO. [21] For the US, only 2% is at present sold over-the-counter, and 4% needs prescription.
“Typically, over-the-counter concentrations of kojic acid are 1 to 2%,” says Castilla. “People with sensitive skin should keep in mind, higher concentrations are likely to be more irritating.”
Topical depigmenting agents, such as hydroquinone (HQ) either in over-the-counter (OTC – 2%) or prescription (4%) strength. [9] HQ inhibits tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Tretinoin, [10] a retinoid, increases skin cell (keratinocyte) turnover. This treatment is not used during pregnancy due to risk of harm to the ...
There are three structural isomers: 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (the ortho isomer) is commonly known as catechol, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene (the meta isomer) is commonly known as resorcinol, and 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (the para isomer) is commonly known as hydroquinone. [1]
Among several chemicals known to inhibit tyrosinase production, such as hydroquinone, arbutin, and kojic acid, 4-butylresorcinol has been found to be the most powerful inhibitor by a wide margin. [ 1 ] 4-Butylresorcinol can be used in the synthesis of Tetrahydrocannabutol .
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