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A defensive wall is a fortification usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors. The walls can range from simple palisades or earthworks to extensive military fortifications such as curtain walls with towers, bastions and gates for access to the city. [1]
The Great Wall was a series of fortifications built across the historical northern borders of China. Large tempered earth (i.e. rammed earth) walls were built in ancient China since the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 –1050 BC); the capital at ancient Ao had enormous walls built in this fashion (see siege for more info).
A moat was a common addition to medieval fortifications, and the principal purpose was to simply increase the effective height of the walls and to prevent digging under the walls. In many instances, natural water paths were used as moats, and often extended through ditches to surround as much of the fortification as possible.
A battlement, in defensive architecture, such as that of city walls or castles, comprises a parapet (a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height), in which gaps or indentations, which are often rectangular, occur at intervals to allow for the launch of arrows or other projectiles from within the defences. [1]
Chapter 2: Stronghold Components (pages 14–86) describes where and how to place items such as walls and doors, and various locations that can be placed within a stronghold. Also described are suggestions on how to place magic items, spells, traps, and siege weapons in a stronghold.
The walls are built of a ditch and dike structure, the ditch dug to form an inner moat with the excavated earth used to form the exterior rampart. The Benin Walls were ravaged by the British in 1897. Scattered pieces of the walls remain in Edo, with material being used by the locals for building purposes.
Diocletianopolis city walls of 2.3 km total length were built in the early 4th century after the Gothic invasions. Walls of Constantinople, a great defensive wall that defended the metropolitan capital from the fourth century AD until 1453; Anastasian Wall, a wall named built in the late 5th century to ensure extra defenses for Constantinople ...
An Atlantic Wall Bunker. The fortress doctrine evolved towards the end of World War II, when the German leadership had not yet accepted defeat, but had begun to realize that drastic measures were required to forestall inevitable offensives on the Reich. The first such stronghold was Stalingrad. [1]