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  2. Rotamer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotamer

    The butane molecule is the simplest molecule for which single bond rotations ... The equilibrium between conformational isomers can be observed using a variety of ...

  3. Cis–trans isomerism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis–trans_isomerism

    Cis and trans descriptors are not used for cases of conformational isomerism where the two geometric forms easily interconvert, such as most open-chain single-bonded structures; instead, the terms "syn" and "anti" are used. According to IUPAC, "geometric isomerism" is an obsolete synonym of "cis–trans isomerism". [2]

  4. Isomer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomer

    In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formula – that is, the same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. [1] Isomerism refers to the existence or possibility of isomers. Isomers do not necessarily share similar chemical or physical properties.

  5. Stereoisomerism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomerism

    Conformational isomerism is a form of isomerism that describes the phenomenon of molecules with the same structural formula but with different shapes due to rotations about one or more bonds. [12] [13] Different conformations can have different energies, can usually interconvert, and are very rarely isolatable.

  6. Gauche effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauche_effect

    The gauche effect is very sensitive to solvent effects, due to the large difference in polarity between the two conformers.For example, 2,3-dinitro-2,3-dimethylbutane, which in the solid state exists only in the gauche conformation, prefers the gauche conformer in benzene solution by a ratio of 79:21, but in carbon tetrachloride, it prefers the anti conformer by a ratio of 58:42. [9]

  7. Chirality (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)

    An example of a molecule that does not have a mirror plane or an inversion and yet would be considered achiral is 1,1-difluoro-2,2-dichlorocyclohexane (or 1,1-difluoro-3,3-dichlorocyclohexane). This may exist in many conformers (conformational isomers), but none of them has a mirror plane.

  8. Ring flip - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_flip

    The molecular motions involved in a chair flip are detailed in the figure on the right: The half-chair conformation (D, 10.8 kcal/mol, C 2 symmetry) is the energy maximum when proceeding from the chair conformer (A, 0 kcal/mol reference, D 3d symmetry) to the higher energy twist-boat conformer (B, 5.5 kcal/mol, D 2 symmetry).

  9. Cyclohexane conformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation

    All relative conformational energies are shown below. [3] [4] At room temperature the molecule can easily move among these conformations, but only chair and twist-boat can be isolated in pure form, because the others are not at local energy minima. The boat and twist-boat conformations, as said, lie along a continuum of zero angle strain.