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Neuroplasticity is the process by which neurons adapt to a disturbance over time, and most often occurs in response to repeated exposure to stimuli. [27] Aerobic exercise increases the production of neurotrophic factors [note 1] (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF) which mediate improvements in cognitive functions and various forms of memory by promoting blood vessel formation in the brain, adult ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or abrineurin, [5] is a protein [6] that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical nerve growth factor (NGF), a family which also includes NT-3 and NT-4 /NT-5.
At the molecular level, this occurs through increased concentrations of the neurotrophins NGF, NT-3, [30] [31] and changes in BDNF. [14] [32] This alters the activation of cholinergic neurons, [31] 5-HT, [33] and beta-adrenolin. [34] Another effect is to increase proteins such as synaptophysin and PSD-95 in synapses. [35]
For example, “exercise enhances synaptic plasticity and blood flow while reducing inflammation and increasing the expression of neurotrophic factors like BDNF,” Glatt explained. “These ...
Studies have shown that corticosterone treatment and adrenalectomy reduces or upregulated hippocampal BDNF expression. [9] Consistent between human and animal studies, BDNF levels are decreased in those with untreated major depression. [9] However, the correlation between BDNF levels and depression is controversial. [9] [10]
[8] Tesofensine also indirectly potentiates cholinergic neurotransmission [18] proven to have beneficial effects on cognition, particularly in learning and memory. Sustained treatment with tesofensine has been shown to increase BDNF levels in the brain, and may possibly have an antidepressant effect. [13]
There are 124 potential Alzheimer’s treatments now being tested in clinical trials to target beta-amyloid and tau, reduce inflammation, protect neurons, act on genes that increase Alzheimer’s ...
A research review in The Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy found that as we get “used to” certain sexual stimuli, we don’t get aroused in the same way—but new experiences can increase ...
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