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Biodiversity plays a vital role in maintaining human and animal health because numerous plants, animals, and fungi are used in medicine to produce vital vitamins, painkillers, antibiotics, and other medications. [1] [2] [3] Natural products have been recognized and used as medicines by ancient cultures all around the world. [4]
Over a hundred of the 224 drugs mentioned in the Huangdi Neijing – an early Chinese medical text – are herbs. [11] Herbs also commonly featured in the medicine of ancient India, where the principal treatment for diseases was diet. [12] A sample of raw opium. Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs.
Disease Discoverer 2600 BC: Malaria [1] 1900 BC: Rabies: 1600 BC: Cancer: Hippocrates: ca 300: Dengue: Jin Dynasty (266–420) 9th century: Measles: Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi: 14th century: African trypanosomiasis: First described by Arab traders [2] 1798: Color blindness: John Dalton: 1798: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: John Dalton: 1881 ...
Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record; Hallucinogenic fish; List of plants used for smoking; List of psychoactive substances and precursor chemicals derived from genetically modified organisms; List of psychoactive substances derived from artificial fungi biotransformation; List of substances used in rituals; Medicinal fungi
Marine pharmacognosy is the investigation and identification of medically important plants and animals in the marine environment. It is a sub branch of terrestrial pharmacognosy. Generally the drugs are obtained from the marine species of bacteria, virus, algae, fungi and sponges.
Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs obtained from medicinal plants, animals, fungi, and other natural sources. [1] The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical , and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin ...
Animal ingredients in TCM include animal parts such as tiger bones, rhino horns, deer antlers, and snake bile. [18] The use of animal parts in TCM have been definitively linked to the extinction of wildlife. [19] One example of this link is the pangolin trade, which has led the pangolin to be called the world's "most trafficked mammal."
The vector carrying the highest number of diseases is the mosquito, which is responsible for the tropical diseases dengue and malaria. [17] Many different approaches have been taken to treat and prevent these diseases. NIH-funded research has produced genetically modify mosquitoes that are unable to spread diseases such as malaria. [18]