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Erythropoietin (/ ɪ ˌ r ɪ θ r oʊ ˈ p ɔɪ. ɪ t ɪ n,-r ə-,-p ɔɪ ˈ ɛ t ɪ n,-ˈ iː t ɪ n /; [1] [2] [3] EPO), also known as erythropoetin, haematopoietin, or haemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted mainly by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow.
Anemia of prematurity (AOP) refers to a form of anemia affecting preterm infants [1] with decreased hematocrit. [2] AOP is a normochromic, normocytic hypoproliferative anemia. The primary mechanism of AOP is a decrease in erythropoietin (EPO), a red blood cell growth factor. [3]
Reticulocytopenia is the medical term for an abnormal decrease in circulating red blood cell precursors (reticulocytes) that can lead to anemia due to resulting low red blood cell (erythrocyte) production. [1]
Therefore, the upregulation of white blood cells causes fewer stem cells to differentiate into red blood cells. This effect may be an important additional cause for the decreased erythropoiesis and red blood cell production seen in anemia of inflammation, even when erythropoietin levels are normal, and even aside from the effects of hepcidin.
A strict but broad definition is an absolute decrease in red blood cell mass, [63] however, a broader definition is a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. [64] An operational definition is a decrease in whole-blood hemoglobin concentration of more than 2 standard deviations below the mean of an age- and sex-matched reference range. [65]
It is stimulated by decreased O 2 in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin. [2] This hormone stimulates proliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors, which activates increased erythropoiesis in the hemopoietic tissues, ultimately producing red blood cells (erythrocytes). [2]
Low levels of testosterone and decreased estrogen can both lead to hot flashes because they both stimulate cortisol release. This increased cortisol tells the brain to turn its thermostat up." 10.
Marrow defects include nutritional deficiencies (i.e. iron, folate, or B 12) or insufficient erythropoietin, the stimulus for red blood cell production. Reticulocytopenia , or "aplastic crisis", is the medical term for an abnormal decrease of reticulocytes in the body The reticulocyte production index may find new use as a more reliable ...