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Echolalia can be categorized as communicative (in context and with "apparent communicative purpose") vs. semicommunicative (an "unclear communicative meaning"). [1] The use of echolalia in task response to facilitate generalization is an area that holds much promise. [14] Research in this area is certainly needed.
echolalia (syn. echophrasia) – of vocalizations (the most common of the echophenomena) [1] echopalilalia – of words [4] echothanatologia - of words centered on death, described in a review of grief in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders [5] echopraxia (syn. echokinesis, echomatism [4]) – of actions, movements
Echopraxia is a typical symptom of Tourette syndrome but causes are not well elucidated. [1]Frontal lobe animation. One theoretical cause subject to ongoing debate surrounds the role of the mirror neuron system (MNS), a group of neurons in the inferior frontal gyrus (F5 region) of the brain that may influence imitative behaviors, [1] but no widely accepted neural or computational models have ...
Palilalia must be differentiated from other complex tic disorders (such as echolalia), stuttering, [10] and logoclonia. In contrast to stuttering or logoclonia, palilalic repetitions tend to consist of complete sections of words or phrases, [ 5 ] are often repeated many times, [ 11 ] and the speaker has no difficulty initiating speech.
DSM IV describes latah as a hypersensitivity to sudden fright, often with echopraxia, echolalia, command obedience, and dissociative or trancelike behavior. It mentions other cultures where latah is found, but the only further information the DSM-IV provides is that in Malaysia, it is more often found in middle-aged women.
Catatonia is a complex syndrome, most commonly seen in people with underlying mood (e.g major depressive disorder) or psychotic disorders (e.g schizophrenia). [2] [3] People with catatonia have abnormal movement and behaviors, which vary from person to person and fluctuate in intensity within a single episode. [4]
Catatonic symptoms such as grimacing, echopraxia, negativism, echolalia and stereotypy are often present. [11] Impaired concentration, memory loss, disorientation, insomnia, auditory and visual hallucinations are additional symptoms that follow. [6] [10] There are shifts from having loud and disorganized speech to mutism. [6]
This rate can be altered, however, by nerves that work to either increase heart rate (sympathetic nerves) or decrease it (parasympathetic nerves), as the body's oxygen demands change. Ultimately, muscle contraction revolves around a charged atom (ion) , calcium (Ca 2+ ) , [ 3 ] which is responsible for converting the electrical energy of the ...