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Structure of double-stranded DNA, the product of DNA synthesis, showing individual nucleotide units and bonds. DNA synthesis is the natural or artificial creation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. DNA is a macromolecule made up of nucleotide units, which are linked by covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds, in a repeating structure.
Genomic DNA is tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. [97]
English: This diagram shows the synthesis of an Okazaki fragment on the lagging strand; synthesis on the leading strand is not shown but involves the same steps. (a) Helicase unwinds the DNA helix, and the resulting single-stranded DNA is coated with RPA proteins.
DNA synthesis is catalyzed by a family of DNA polymerases that require four deoxynucleoside triphosphates, a template strand, and a primer with a free 3'OH in which to incorporate nucleotides. [23] In order for DNA replication to occur, a replication fork is created by enzymes called helicases which unwind the DNA helix. [23]
The factual accuracy of this diagram or the file name is disputed. ... DNA replication or DNA synthesis is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule. This ...
As DNA synthesis continues, the original DNA strands continue to unwind on each side of the bubble, forming a replication fork with two prongs. In bacteria, which have a single origin of replication on their circular chromosome, this process creates a "theta structure" (resembling the Greek letter theta: θ). In contrast, eukaryotes have longer ...
S phase (Synthesis phase) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G 1 phase and G 2 phase. [1] Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved.
Mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) is a process of irregular DNA replication where DNA synthesis, naturally occurring in the S phase, takes place in the M phase of the cell cycle. Mitotic DNA synthesis is known to occur when cells are experiencing stress related to DNA replication. [151]