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Indira Gandhi National Open University, known as IGNOU, is a public open & distance learning university located in Delhi, India. Named after the former Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, the university was established in 1985 with a budget of ₹ 20 million, after the Parliament of India passed the Indira Gandhi National Open University Act, 1985 (IGNOU Act 1985). [4]
It is an online storehouse of academic awards viz. certificates, diplomas, degrees, mark-sheets etc. lodged by academic institutions / boards / eligibility assessment bodies in a digital format. NAD not only ensures easy access to and retrieval of an academic award but also validates and guarantees its authenticity and safe storage.
In Lithuania the highest tuition is nearly 12,000 euros and 37 percent of the students pay. [4] Tuition fees in the United Kingdom were introduced in 1998, with a maximum permitted fee of £1,000. Since then, this maximum has been raised to £9,000 (more than €10,000) in most of the United Kingdom, however, only those who reach a certain ...
The bill was passed unanimously in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian parliament, on 28 November 2001. [282] It was later passed by the upper house—the Rajya Sabha—on 14 May 2002. [282] After being signed by the President of India the Indian constitution was amended formally for the eighty sixth time and the bill came into effect ...
Article processing charges shift the burden of payment from readers to authors (or their funders), which creates a new set of concerns. [24] One concern is that if a publisher makes a profit from accepting papers, it has an incentive to accept anything submitted, rather than selecting and rejecting articles based on quality.
A receipt for payment of a fee for collecting information under RTI act. The Act extends to the whole of India. [a] [7] It covers all the constitutional authorities, including executive, legislature and judiciary; any institution or body established or constituted by an act of Parliament or a state legislature. It is also defined in the Act ...
When a customer orders a product from a payment gateway-enabled merchant, the payment gateway performs a variety of tasks to process the transaction. [2] [failed verification] The order is placed. The payment gateway may allow transaction data to be sent directly from the customer's browser to the gateway, bypassing the merchant's systems.
Chalabi argued that higher oil prices would help Iraq to pay back its US$60 billion debt by increasing its revenues. [23] However, given its large downstream petroleum industry , Kuwait was less concerned about the prices of crude oil and in 1989, Kuwait requested OPEC to increase the country's total oil production ceiling by 50% to 1.35 ...