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Rust converters are chemical solutions or primers that can be applied directly to an iron or iron alloy surface to convert iron oxides into a protective chemical barrier. These compounds interact with iron oxides, especially iron(III) oxide , converting them into an adherent black layer ( black oxide ) that is more resistant to moisture and ...
Chelating rust removers offer a highly effective, nontoxic, acid-free, and biodegradable solution that binds to iron oxide (A.K.A. rust) and strips it away, making it easy to remove. You typically ...
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Vanadium tetrachloride is known to effect one-electron oxidations, which is invoked in this conversion. [2] Oxidative coupling of phenol by VCl 4. Coproducts including vanadium(III) and hydrogen chloride are not shown. Oxidative phenol couplings can occur through either inner sphere or outer sphere processes. In inner sphere processes, the ...
Substrates containing two phenols (or an aniline and a phenol; see equation (8) below for a related example), undergo oxidative coupling in the presence of hypervalent iodine(III) reagents. Coupling of both the ortho and para positions is possible; however, the use of bulky silyl-protected phenols provides complete selectivity for para coupling ...
Benzene can be easily converted to chlorobenzene by nucleophilic aromatic substitution via a benzyne intermediate. [1] It is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C and 300 bar or molten sodium hydroxide at 350 °C to convert it to sodium phenoxide, which yields phenol upon acidification. [2]
Phase diagram (left) and process flow diagram (right) of an apparatus for the azeotropic distillation with "material separation agent". In this case the phase diagram includes a zone where components are not miscible, so following the condensation of the azeotrope, it is possible to separate the liquid components through decantation.
The conversion can be effected by many reagents. The nitro group was one of the first functional groups to be reduced. Alkyl and aryl nitro compounds behave differently. Most useful is the reduction of aryl nitro compounds.