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At room temperature, fluorine is a gas of diatomic molecules, [5] pale yellow when pure (sometimes described as yellow-green). [42] It has a characteristic halogen-like pungent and biting odor detectable at 20 ppb. [43]
Henri Moissan's 1892 record of fluorine gas color, viewed end-on in a 5‑m tube. Air (1) is on the left, fluorine (2) is in the middle, chlorine (3) is on the right. Fluorine forms diatomic molecules (F 2) that are gaseous at room temperature with a density about 1.3 times that of air.
The direct reaction of hydrocarbons with fluorine gas can be dangerously reactive, so the temperature may need to be lowered even to −150 °C (−240 °F). [115] " Solid fluorine carriers", compounds that can release fluorine upon heating, notably cobalt trifluoride , [ 116 ] may be used instead, or hydrogen fluoride.
Due to strong and extensive hydrogen bonding, it boils near room temperature, a much higher temperature than other hydrogen halides. Hydrogen fluoride is an extremely dangerous gas, forming corrosive and penetrating hydrofluoric acid upon contact with moisture. The gas can also cause blindness by rapid destruction of the corneas.
[24] [f] Its boiling point of 1749 °C (3180 °F) [33] is the lowest among the carbon-group elements. The electrical resistivity of lead at 20 °C is 192 nanoohm -meters, almost an order of magnitude higher than those of other industrial metals (copper at 15.43 nΩ·m ; gold 20.51 nΩ·m ; and aluminium at 24.15 nΩ·m ). [ 35 ]
Oxygen difluoride. A common preparative method involves fluorination of sodium hydroxide: . 2 F 2 + 2 NaOH → OF 2 + 2 NaF + H 2 O. OF 2 is a colorless gas at room temperature and a yellow liquid below 128 K. Oxygen difluoride has an irritating odor and is poisonous. [3]
Cyanogen fluoride (molecular formula: FCN; IUPAC name: carbononitridic fluoride) is an inorganic linear compound which consists of a fluorine atom in a single bond with a carbon atom, and a nitrogen atom in a triple bond with the carbon atom. It is a toxic and explosive gas at room temperature.
The compound readily decomposes into oxygen and fluorine. Even at a temperature of −160 °C (113 K), 4% decomposes each day [1] by this process: O 2 F 2 → O 2 + F 2. The other main property of this unstable compound is its oxidizing power, although most experimental reactions have been conducted near −100 °C (173 K). [10]