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In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a periodic graph with respect to an operator F on graphs is one for which there exists an integer n > 0 such that F n (G) is isomorphic to G. [1] For example, every graph is periodic with respect to the complementation operator , whereas only complete graphs are periodic with respect to the operator ...
The cube of every connected graph necessarily contains a Hamiltonian cycle. [10] It is not necessarily the case that the square of a connected graph is Hamiltonian, and it is NP-complete to determine whether the square is Hamiltonian. [11] Nevertheless, by Fleischner's theorem, the square of a 2-vertex-connected graph is always Hamiltonian. [12]
In mathematics and computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of vertices (also called nodes or points ) which are connected by edges (also called arcs , links or lines ).
[1] [2] A Euclidean graph is uniformly discrete if there is a minimal distance between any two vertices. Periodic graphs are closely related to tessellations of space (or honeycombs) and the geometry of their symmetry groups, hence to geometric group theory, as well as to discrete geometry and the theory of polytopes, and similar areas.
An aperiodic graph. The cycles in this graph have lengths 5 and 6; therefore, there is no k > 1 that divides all cycle lengths. A strongly connected graph with period three. In the mathematical area of graph theory, a directed graph is said to be aperiodic if there is no integer k > 1 that divides the length of every cycle of the graph.
These forbidden graphs are the cube (the simplex graph of K 3), the Cartesian product of an edge and a claw K 1,3 (the simplex graph of a claw), and the graphs formed from a gear graph by adding one more vertex connected to the hub of the wheel (the simplex graph of the disjoint union of a cycle with an isolated vertex).
Spectral graph theory is the branch of graph theory that uses spectra to analyze graphs. See also spectral expansion. split 1. A split graph is a graph whose vertices can be partitioned into a clique and an independent set. A related class of graphs, the double split graphs, are used in the proof of the strong perfect graph theorem.
In graph theory, the girth of an undirected graph is the length of a shortest cycle contained in the graph. [1] If the graph does not contain any cycles (that is, it is a forest), its girth is defined to be infinity. [2] For example, a 4-cycle (square) has girth 4. A grid has girth 4 as well, and a triangular mesh has girth 3.
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