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The first description of magnetotactic bacteria was in 1963 by Salvatore Bellini of the University of Pavia. [4] [5] While observing bog sediments under his microscope, Bellini noticed a group of bacteria that evidently oriented themselves in a unique direction.
UNIVAC 1100/80. The UNIVAC 1100/2200 series is a series of compatible 36-bit computer systems, beginning with the UNIVAC 1107 in 1962, initially made by Sperry Rand.The series continues to be supported today by Unisys Corporation as the ClearPath Dorado Series.
The programmable calculators of the HP-41-series (from 1979) could store data via an external magnetic tape storage device on microcassettes.. Magnetic storage in the form of wire recording—audio recording on a wire—was publicized by Oberlin Smith in the Sept 8, 1888 issue of Electrical World. [1]
Many organisms, including aspen trees, reproduce by cloning, often creating large groups of organisms with the same DNA.One example depicted here is quaking aspen.. Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means.
Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors.
Reinforcement is a process of speciation where natural selection increases the reproductive isolation (further divided to pre-zygotic isolation and post-zygotic isolation) between two populations of species.
The top-down approach is breaking down of a system into small components, while bottom-up is assembling sub-systems into larger system. [15] A bottom-up approach for nano-assembly is a primary research target for nano-fabrication because top down synthesis is expensive (requiring external work) and is not selective on very small length scales, but is currently the primary mode of industrial ...
The Z3 was a German electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse in 1938, and completed in 1941. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. [3]