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Bone: alendronate has been linked in long-term users to the development of low-impact femoral fractures. [15] Further, studies suggest that users of alendronate have an increase in the numbers of osteoclasts and develop giant, more multinucleated osteoclasts; the significance of this development is unclear. [16]
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
Alendronate, a common bisphosphonate drug, has a three carbon length side chain for example. [17] Risedronate has heterocyclic structure containing nitrogen. Heterocyclic nitrogen containing bisphosphonates have revealed better results in terms of activity compared to earlier bisphosphonates with nitrogen bound to carbon chain.
Particular medications can result in MRONJ, a serious but uncommon side effect in certain individuals. Such medications are frequently used to treat diseases that cause bone resorption such as osteoporosis, or to treat cancer. The main groups of drugs involved are anti-resorptive drugs, and anti-angiogenic drugs.
Some severe side effects with long-term consequences may include pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, gallstones, gallbladder disease, diabetic retinopathy, and an increased heart rate. Semaglutide ...
Many patients will not develop these side effects, although there is still a significant possibility of risks associated with Antipsychotic usage. The percentage of patients affected by side effects like Tardive dyskinesia is significantly high and estimated to be a 20-50% prevalence. [1] [2]
A study into the effects of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil, on benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms persisting after withdrawal was carried out by Lader and Morton. Study subjects had been benzodiazepine-free for between one month and five years, but all reported persisting withdrawal effects to varying degrees.
Long-term use may increase the risk of both cognitive and physical decline. [14] [15] It is unclear whether they affect the risk of death generally. [14] However, in older adults they do appear to increase the risk of death. [16] Possible effects of anticholinergics include: